The clearest sign is multiple internal fixtures draining slowly or backing up at the same time — if just one fixture is affected, the blockage is usually within that fixture's own waste pipe. If sinks, baths, and the washing machine all slow down together, or the toilet gurgles when the sink drains, the obstruction is likely in the shared underground run outside. Opening the nearest manhole confirms this: if the chamber is full or surcharging, the blockage is external and downstream of that point.